Antimicrobial Resistance within the One Health Framework: Linking Human, Animal, and Environmental Health in a Global Crisis

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest global public health challenges of the twenty-first century, affecting human, animal, and environmental health simultaneously. The inappropriate use of antimicrobials, dissemination of resistance genes, environmental contamination, and extensive antimicrobial use in food-producing animals have emphasized the importance of the One Health approach in addressing this global crisis.

Methods: This narrative review synthesized evidence published between 2021 and 2026 from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Nature Portfolio, Frontiers, PLOS, and official reports of WHO, FAO, UNEP, and WOAH. Eligible studies were critically appraised and integrated according to their relevance, methodological quality, and contribution to the One Health framework.

Results and Discussion: The reviewed evidence demonstrated that AMR results from complex interactions among humans, animals, and the environment. Horizontal gene transfer, inappropriate antimicrobial use, environmental contamination, weak surveillance systems, and insufficient multisectoral collaboration were identified as the principal drivers of resistance. Emerging technologies, including whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, bioinformatics, and artificial intelligence, provide new opportunities to strengthen surveillance, monitor transmission pathways, and support evidence-based decision-making.

Conclusion: Sustainable control of AMR requires comprehensive implementation of the One Health approach through integrated surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention and control, improved water, sanitation and hygiene, and strengthened collaboration across human, animal, and environmental health sectors.