A Narrative Review of the Phytochemical Compounds and Preclinical Evidence of the Anticancer Effects of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

Abstract

Introduction: Cancer encompasses complex, multifactorial diseases driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations that disrupt regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Limitations of current therapies and emergence of resistance have spurred interest in natural compounds with anticancer potential. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals, notably carotenoids and monoterpenes.

Objective: To narratively review the major phytochemical constituents of saffron and summarize preclinical evidence on their anticancer effects and underlying molecular mechanisms.

Methods: Published laboratory, animal, and relevant human studies on C. sativus and its constituents were examined. Given the absence of a prespecified, reproducible search protocol, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and risk‑of‑bias assessment, this article is presented as a narrative review of preclinical evidence rather than a systematic review.

Results: Crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal are the principal bioactive compounds of saffron. In vitro, these constituents have been associated with inhibition of proliferation, cell‑cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, modulation of Bax/Bcl‑2, caspase activation, reduced nucleic acid synthesis, and, in some models, decreased telomerase activity. Additional reported effects include attenuation of invasion, modulation of matrix metalloproteinases, and reduced oxidative damage. Animal studies have shown decreased tumor growth or tumor number in certain cancer models, although effect sizes varied by compound, extract, dose, duration, model, and route of administration.

Conclusion: Preclinical data support antiproliferative and pro‑apoptotic activities of saffron and its constituents, but current evidence is insufficient to confirm clinical efficacy in cancer prevention or treatment. Standardized preparations and well‑designed human trials are needed.